Síndrome compartimental agudo en antebrazo: una infrecuente complicación del cateterismo transradial / Acute compartment syndrome in the forearm: a rare complication of transradial catheterization

El Síndrome Compartimental Agudo es una situación de urgencia quirúrgica, que requiere un diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos con la finalidad de evitar una pérdida de función del miembro o incluso de la viabilidad del mismo. Se presenta el caso de un Síndrome Compartimental Agudo en antebrazo derecho tras cateterismo transradial para angioplastia coronaria. La incidencia de esta complicación en los procedimientos transradiales es del 0,004% según algunas series. El síndrome compartimental constituye una complicación posible de los cateterismos transradiales, no presenta una distribución por sexo ni por edades, y su diagnóstico se realiza fundamentalmente por los hallazgos clínicos. Su tratamiento es quirúrgico urgente, mediante la realización de fasciotomías de los compartimentos afectos. Los procedimientos vasculares transradiales presentan una baja tasa de complicaciones vasculares. La posibilidad de aparición de complicaciones graves, tales como el síndrome compartimental, hace necesario conocer este cuadro y su manejo

Acute Compartment Syndrome is a surgical emergency situation that requires early diagnosis and treatment in order to avoid a loss of limb function or even the viability. The case of an acute compartment syndrome in right forearm occurs after transradial catheterization for coronary angioplasty. The incidence of this complication in transradial procedures is 0.004% according to some series. Compartment syndrome is a possible complication of transradial catheterization, no distribution by sex and age, and diagnosis is made primarily by clinical findings. Surgical treatment is urgent, by performing fasciotomies affections compartments. Transradial vascular procedures have a low rate of vascular complications. The possibility of occurrence of serious complications such as compartment syndrome, is necessary to know that painting and its management

Various Applications of Deep Temporal Fascia in Rhinoplasty

PURPOSE: In Asians, nasal dorsal and tip augmentation procedures are usually performed at the same time, and most dorsal augmentations use implants. In this study, dorsal augmentation was given by various types of grafts using deep temporal fascia (DTF) for primary rhinoplasty cases using only autologous tissues to improve the curve of hump noses and depressions. For secondary rhinoplasty cases, DTF was used to improve implant demarcation and transparency. Such effectiveness and utility of DTF is discussed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May 2009 and May 2012, we performed rhinoplasty using DTF in 175 patients, which included 78 secondary surgery patients and 128 female patients. The mean age of the patients was 31.4. DTF was utilized with various types of grafts without implants to improve the curve in dorsal augmentation of hump noses and cases that required curve betterment. DTF was used to improve implant demarcation and transparency for secondary cases. RESULTS: The mean follow-up duration was 1.5 years. Of the 175 patients, 81% were satisfied with the natural correction achieved, whereas 19% complained of undercorrection, which was resolved with additional surgery. No specific complications such as nasal inflammation or contractures were observed. CONCLUSION: DTF can be used with various graft methods for correction of radix, dorsal, and tip irregularities. It can also be used to correct implant contour transparency in secondary rhinoplasty and thus may be considered as a useful supplementary graft material in rhinoplasty for Asians.

Cierre primario de fasciotomías con técnica con elásticos: experiencia nacional multicéntrica / Fasciotomy closure technique with vessel loops

Aim: Present and describe the progressive fasciotomy closure technique with vessel loops. Methods: Progressive and multicentric study in the period between June of 2007 and June of 2011. Results: In 2007 we initiated the complementary treatment for fasciotomy closure related to compartment syndrome or acute ischemia cases. Progressive closure with vessel loops, the shoelace technique. In 2010's preliminary report, we published a total of 56 fasciotomies closed by this technique, with an average closure time of 9.5 +/- 3.31 days. Current report is the result of a 4 years prospective study intending to prove that is possible to associate this technique to the initial management of fasciotomies closure. This final report shows a total of 122 fasciotomies cases closed in 7.9 +/- 3.31 days, without skin grafts. Conclusion: The technique is easy to learn, reproducible and not expensive. Results show that this technique is useful in reduce the time for fasciotomy closure.

Objetivos: Presentar y describir la técnica de cierre progresivo de fasciotomías con elásticos. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico realizado en Santiago de Chile entre junio de 2007 y junio de 2011. Resultados: En el año 2007 se inició un protocolo de manejo del cierre de las fasciotomías realizadas a pacientes portadores de síndrome compartimental o isquemia aguda de extremidades. Utilizando una técnica de entrelazado con elásticos vasculares se realizó el cierre de las fasciotomías. En el 2010 se publicó un reporte preliminar, presentando una serie de 56 fasciotomías cerradas con esta técnica, con un promedio de cierre de 9,5 +/- 3,31 días. La serie actual es el resultado de un estudio prospectivo de 4 años de duración que ha buscado demostrar que resulta posible asociar esta técnica con elásticos al manejo inicial del cierre de las fasciotomías. Nuestro reporte final muestra un total de 122 fasciotomías cerradas en un promedio de 7,9 +/- 3,31 días sin requerir de injertos de piel. Conclusiones: Presentamos una técnica quirúrgica fácil de reproducir, de bajo costo y con buenos resultados. El uso de elásticos vasculares muestra beneficios en el tiempo de cierre de las fasciotomías.

Carcinoma adenoide quístico parotídeo: soluciones estéticas y funcionales / Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the parotid: an aesthetic and functional solutions

El carcinoma adenoide quístico supone el 10-30% de las neoplasias malignas parotídeas, su tratamiento se basa en una parotidectomía que incluya el tumor con un adecuado margen de seguridad y la radioterapia postoperatoria dado que permite mejorar el control locorregional de la enfermedad. Revisamos un caso que permite exponer el manejo de las secuelas funcionales y estéticas derivadas de su tratamiento. Consideramos adecuada la reconstrucción inmediata del nervio facial cuando se encuentra clínicamente afecto o englobado por el tumor; así como suplir el defecto de volumen posparotidectomía con un colgajo local. Proponemos la anastomosis nerviosa con injerto de nervio sural de las ramas del nervio facial afectas y el relleno del defecto volumen posparotidectomía con un colgajo de fascia temporo-parietal (AU)

Adenoid cystic carcinoma represents 10-30% of all malignant neoplasms in the parotid gland. Treatment is a formal parotidectomy, which includes removing the tumour with an adequate margin and postoperative radiotherapy to improve the locoregional control of the disease. We report a case in order to present the management of the functional and aesthetic consequences obtained from its treatment. When the facial nerve is clinical affected or involved by the tumour, it requires resection and an immediate reconstruction. We suggest the sural nerve graft for the reconstruction of the affected facial branches and the temporo-parietal fascia flap to fill the volume left by the parotidectomy (AU)

Lipotransferencia en piernas con o sin fasciotomía subcutánea de la aponeurosis tibial posterior / Lipotransference to legs with or without subcutaneous fasciotomy of the posterior tibial aponeurosis

La lipotransferencia en muslos y piernas es un procedimiento muy poco empleado como complemento a la lipoescultura, siendo ésta una zona muy importante para dar más armonía y belleza al contorno corporal. Analizamos 139 procedimientos de lipotrasnferencia en muslos y piernas, ésta última complementada con o sin fasciotomía subcutánea de la aponeurosis tibial posterior o fascia profunda de la pierna. Describimos la técnica y las cantidades de grasa empleadas según zonas disminuyendo al mínimo las complicaciones y reacciones secundarias, que cuando se producen en las piernas, y si no se ha realizado la fasciotomía, puede confundir con otras patologías tales como es el síndrome compartimental y/o la trombosis venosa profunda (AU)

Lipotransference to thighs and legs is a rarely used procedure as a complement to lipoesculpture, this being a very important area to give more harmony and beauty to the body counturing. We analyze 139 lipotransference procedures to thighs and legs, this last one with or without subcutaneous fasciotomy of the posterior tibial aponeurosis or deep fascia of the leg. We explain our technique and the amount of fat necessary in every zone to diminishing the complications rate and side effects that in legs, when fasciotomy is not performed, can be confused with other pathologies such as compartment syndrome, or deep vein thrombosis (AU)

Decompressive fasciotomy in testicular torsion of the spermatic cord in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of decompression fasciotomy on testes undergoing torsion of the spermatic cord. METHODS: Spermatic cord torsion was induced in 40 Wistar testes for six and 12 hours. At the time of distortion, decompression fasciotomy was performed on half of the animals. After 42 days, the testicles were examined both macroscopically and microscopically. A non-parametric Mann- Whitney U- test was used for statistical analysis. The results were considered significant at p≤0.05. RESULTS: Testicular weight; volume and degree of histological alterations were evaluated. When the groups without and with fasciotomy were compared, a 12-hour torsion subgroup in the fasciotomy group was noted to present larger volume, heavier weight and superior histological classification when compared with the 12-hour subgroup in the without fasciotomy group. No differences between the two groups after six hours of torsion were found. No significant changes were noticed in the contralateral testis. CONCLUSIONS: Testicular fasciotomy (decompression) benefited the macroscopic and histological aspects of the testicles undergoing cord torsion for a 12-hour period. These results demonstrate the role played by compartment syndrome in the pathophysiology of spermatic cord torsion and the need for decompression.

Incidencia de seroma postoperatorio tras reparación de la fascia de Scarpa en abdominoplastia-liposucción / Postoperatory seroma incidence after repair of Scarpa fascia in abdominoplasty-lipoaspiration

La fascia de Scarpa es un hito anatómico de la pared abdominal y divide el tejido graso de ésta en una capa superficial y en otra profunda. Existen publicaciones que aseguran que en una abdominoplastía, la preservación in situ de esta estructura mediante disección superficial a la misma puede prevenir la formación de seromas, pero en la ejecución de ésta técnica se han observado peores resultados estéticos. Consideramos que al reparar el defecto creado, mediante la sutura de la fascia de Scarpa, podemos emular el efecto de disminución de seromas pero sin comprometer el resultado estético. Mediante el uso de la base de datos del primer autor, seleccionamos pacientes que cumplan como criterios de inclusión: ser menores de 65 años, en rangos normales de peso, sometidas a abdominoplastia con lipoaspiración en el período comprendido entre abril del 2004 y diciembre del 2009, divididas en 2 grupos cuya diferencia es el cierre de la fascia de Scarpa (que hacemos de rutina desde julio del 2007). En total, 2 grupos de 97 pacientes cada uno en los que se midió el débito del drenaje que se retira al tercer día, y en controles médicos posteriores si se sospechaba la presencia de seroma, realizando punciones hasta obtener menos de 50 ml. Al comparar el débito de drenajes, número de punciones y cantidad de fluido obtenido en las punciones, encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos. No hubo diferencia en el índice de masa corporal (IMC), comorbilidad y complicaciones entre los grupos. En conclusión, planteamos que con la reparación de la fascia de Scarpa mediante su sutura en los procedimientos de abdominoplastia con lipoaspiración se remeda el efecto de prevención de formación de seroma de una disección más superficial, pero sin compromiso estético secundario; además, creemos que la retirada de los drenajes al tercer día postoperatorio es una práctica segura. Sin embargo, se requieren más estudios para profundizar y confirmar los hallazgos

The Scarpa fascia is an anatomic hint in the abdominal wall, and divides the fat tissue in a superficial and a deep layer. Other publications assert that in abdominoplasty, preserve this structure and making a more superficial dissection can prevent the seroma formation, but with worse aesthetic results. We consider that repairing the defect created by suturing the Scarpa fascia we can emulate the effects in diminishing the seroma, but without the aesthetic compromise. Using the first author´s data base, we select patients that complies with the following inclusion criteria of abdominoplasty plus liposuction: women, younger than 65, with no overweight, operated between April 2004 and December 2009, divided in 2 groups, with and without Scarpa´s fascia closure (that became a routine in July 2007). Two groups, 97 patients each. We measured drain content (all the drains were took away by day 3), and in subsecuent medic control if a seroma was clinically suspected, it was punctioned untill the amount of serum obtained was under 50 cc. Comparing both groups, there is statiscally significant difference between them in drainage and amount of fluid obtained by punctions; also in the number of punctions and number of patients that needed the procedure. There is no difference between groups in age, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidity or complications. We think that repairing the defect by stitching the Scarpa fascia redeems the effect of preserving it but without the aesthetic defect, and all drainages can be safely took away by day 3. Anyway, further studies are needed in order to confirm this aspect

Utilización de recursos sanitarios y costes asociados a la fasciectomía en la enfermedad de Dupuytren en España / Utilization of health care resources and cost associated to fasciectomy in Dupuytren's disease in Spain

OBJETIVO: Estimar la utilización de recursos sanitarios y costesderivados de la fasciectomía en pacientes con contractura deDupuytren (CD) en la práctica clínica habitual en España.MÉTODO: Estudio multicéntrico, observacional retrospectivo, enel que se revisaron las historias clínicas en tres hospitales públicos.Se incluyeron pacientes ingresados o ambulatorios, operadosde CD, como diagnóstico principal del CMBD, a través de fas-ciectomía, durante 2007-2009. Se recogieron datos demográficos(edad, sexo, situación laboral), clínicos (estadio de la contracturay comorbilidades) y la utilización de recursos sanitarios (hospita-lizaciones, visitas médicas, pruebas y medicamentos). Se comparóla utilización de recursos según el estadio de la contracturaagrupado (I: estadio N, 1 y 2; II: estadio 3 y 4) y el centro.RESULTADOS: Un total de 123 sujetos (52% grupo I, 86,2%hombres, 35,8% situación laboral activa) fueron identificados.El 81,3% de los pacientes presentaba al menos una comorbilidad,siendo la hipertensión arterial la más frecuente. Un 71,6% delos pacientes fueron hospitalizados, (25% cirugía plástica y75% traumatología) y el resto (28,4%) régimen ambulatorio.En el 88% realizó un preoperatorio y todos acudieron a visitasde seguimiento tras la cirugía, el 27% necesitó sesiones de re-habilitación, y el 8% acudió a urgencias tras la cirugía. Loscostes medios (DE) de los recursos fueron los siguientes: fas-ciectomía 1.074 € (0); hospitalizaciones 978 € (743); ingresosambulatorios 186 € (10); visitas de seguimiento 260 € (173);urgencias 13 € (53), pruebas complementarias 78 € (43); tra-tamiento farmacológico 7 € (9), rehabilitación 46 € (134). Elcoste total medio fue de 2.250 € (839). No hubo diferenciassignificativas entre los grupos de estudio agrupados según elestadio de la contractura. Sin embargo, el centro y la severidadde la CD parecen variables explicativas del coste, p < 0,05. onclusiones:Los pacientes con CD que son intervenidos utili-zando como técnica quirúrgica la fasciectomía producen unimportante consumo de recursos generando un coste medio de 2.250 € (839) al SNS

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the healthcare resource utilization and their associated costs secondary to fasciectomy of Dupuytren s disease (DD) treated under usual medical practice in Spain. METHODS: This multicenter, observational, retrospective cohort study, extracted data through the revision of medical records of three tertiary public hospitals. Each center should recruit 40 patients operated for DD, as principal diagnose of Minimum Data Set, in which the surgical procedure conducted was fasciectomy, during 2007-2009. To collect all the resources used during surgery, a specific chart form was designed. Demographic (age, gender, occupational status), clinical (stage of contracture and comorbilities) and healthcare utilization (hospitalizations, medical visits, tests, drugs) data were collected under medical routine. Comparisons between stage of contracture grouped (I: stage N, 1 & 2; II: stage 3 & 4) and centers were made. RESULTS: A total of 123 subjects (52% group I; 86.2% men; 35.8% active workers) were identified. 81.3% of patients presented at least one comorbidity, being hypertension the most frequent. 28.4% of patients were operated in ambulatory surgery and 71.6% hospitalized. All the patients had follow-up visits after surgery, 27% needed physical therapy, 88% performed preoperative tests and 8% visit the emergency room after surgery. Healthcare mean (SD) costs were as follows: fasciectomy €1,074 (0); hospitalizations €978 (743); ambulatory €186 (10); follow-up visits €260 (173); emergency rooms €13 (53); tests €78(43); drugs €7 (9); physical therapy €46 (134). Mean total costs were €2,250 (839). There were no significant differences between study groups grouped by stage of contracture. However, the center and the severity of the CD seem explanatory variables of cost, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Healthcare resources utilization for surgical treatment of Dupuytrens disease may cost €2,250 (839) per fasciectomy treated under usual medical practice (AU)

Use of the pectoralis major fasciocutaneous flap in the treatment of post sternotomy dehiscence: a new approach / Utilização do retalho fasciocutâneo do músculo peitoral maior na deiscência de esternotomia: uma nova abordagem

OBJECTIVE: To describe a new surgical technique for the treatment dehiscence after median thoracotomy transsternal using fasciocutaneous flap composed of the pectoralis major fascia. METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2010, from 1,573 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft, 21 developed wound dehiscence after sternotomy and were treated with bilateral pectoralis major muscle fasciocutaneous flap, including partial portion of the rectus abdominis fascia. Patients were followed for a minimum of 90 days postoperatively. RESULTS: All patients had favorable outcome following 90 days, not having any partial or total dehiscence. There were no cases of postoperative infection. CONCLUSION: The procedure was rapid and effective. Compared with techniques using muscle, myocutaneous or greater omentum flaps, this surgery was less aggressive and maintained the integrity of tissue region. The authors considered that this technique should be used as the first option, leaving the flaps to more complex cases of relapse.

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma nova técnica cirúrgica para a reparação das deiscências pós-toracotomia mediana transesternal com o uso de retalho composto fasciocutâneo da fáscia do músculo peitoral maior. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2010, de um total de 1.573 cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio, 21 pacientes que apresentaram deiscência da esternotomia foram submetidos à correção com retalho fasciocutâneo bilateral do músculo peitoral maior, incluindo parcialmente a fáscia do músculo reto abdominal. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um mínimo de 90 dias de período pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes apresentaram evolução favorável no seguimento de 90 dias, não ocorrendo nenhuma parcial ou total da deiscência. Não houve nenhum caso de infecção pós-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: Este procedimento mostrou ser rápido e efetivo. Comparando com o uso de retalhos musculares, musculocutâneos ou de omento, foi uma cirurgia menos agressiva e que manteve a integridade dos tecidos da região. Considerou-se que essa técnica deveria ser utilizada como primeira opção, deixando os retalhos mais complexos para os casos de recidivas.

Riesgo de lesiones quirúrgicas en la fasciotomía plantar percutánea: estudio anatómico en cadáveres frescos / Risk of surgical lesions in percutaneous plantar fasciotomy: anatomical study in fresh cadavers

Introducción: La fascitis plantar es una patología frecuente, cuyo tratamiento es conservador, aunque en los casos sin respuesta se realiza cirugía. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el riesgo de lesionar los elementos nobles en la cirugía percutánea y establecer una zona de seguridad. Materiales y métodos: En 11 piezas cadavéricas frescas, se realizó la fasciotomía percutánea según la técnica de De Prado y se evaluó la relación con los elementos nobles, la lesión o no de estos y la distancia entre la sección del bisturí y las estructuras vasculonerviosas. Resultados: No se evidenciaron daños en los nervios y vasos del retropié. El promedio de distancia entre el corte y el nervio plantar lateral fue de 16 mm, y entre el corte y el nervio digiti quinti, de 10,7 mm. No hubo lesiones vasculares. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra el bajo riesgo de lesión neurovascular durante la práctica de la fasciotomía plantar percutánea cuando se trabaja en contacto con el calcáneo.

Background: Plantar fasciitis is a common condition. In cases of non-response to conservative treatment, surgery is performed. The aim of the study was to determine the risk of injury to noble structures in percutaneous surgery, and to define a safety zone. Methods: In 11 fresh cadavers, percutaneous fasciotomy was performed according to the De Prado technique, and later evaluated with regards to injury to noble structures, and distance between the knife and neurovascular structures. Results: There was no evidence of any damage to hind-foot nerves and vessels. The average distance between the incision and the lateral plantaris nerve was 16 mm, and between the incision and the digiti Quinti nerve 10.7 mm. There were no vascular lesions. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the low risk of neurovascular injury during the practice of percutaneous plantar fasciotomy, when working in contact with the calcaneus.

Riesgo de lesiones quirúrgicas en la fasciotomía plantar percutánea. Estudio anatómico en cadáveres frescos / Risk of surgical lesions in percutaneous plantar fasciotomy. Anatomical study in fresh cadavers

Introducción: La fascitis plantar es una patología frecuente, cuyo tratamiento es conservador, aunque en los casos sin respuesta se realiza cirugía. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el riesgo de lesionar los elementos nobles en la cirugía percutánea y establecer una zona de seguridad. Materiales y métodos: En 11 piezas cadavéricas frescas, se realizó la fasciotomía percutánea según la técnica de De Prado y se evaluó la relación con los elementos nobles, la lesión o no de estos y la distancia entre la sección del bisturí y las estructuras vasculonerviosas. Resultados: No se evidenciaron daños en los nervios y vasos del retropié. El promedio de distancia entre el corte y el nervio plantar lateral fue de 16 mm, y entre el corte y el nervio digiti quinti, de 10,7 mm. No hubo lesiones vasculares. Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra el bajo riesgo de lesión neurovascular durante la práctica de la fasciotomía plantar percutánea cuando se trabaja en contacto con el calcáneo (AU)

Anatomia aplicada do ramo temporal do nervo facial: estudo do risco potencial de lesão durante a cirurgia do rejuvenescimento facial / Applied anatomy of the branch of the facial nerve: study of the potential risk of injury during facial rejuvenation surgery

Introdução: O ramo temporal do nervo facial é um dos nervos mais comumente lesados, devido à pouca tela subcutânea que o protege a partir da sua saída da glândula parótida. Método: Vinte e cinco hemifaces de cadáveres foram dissecadas e analisadas as relações entre o ramo temporal e glândula parótida, arco zigomático, SMAS, artéria temporal superficial e músculo frontal. Resultados: Doze ramos temporais dissecados perderam a proteção da glândula parótida a uma distância de 1,7 cm anterior ao trago. O cruzamentodo arco zigomático por dois ramos temporais foi o mais frequente. A passagem pelo arco zigomático ocorreu entre 3,2 e 3,9 cm posteriores à borda lateral da órbita. O curso do ramo temporal junto às faces profundas do SMAS e da fáscia temporoparietal, e acima da lâmina superficial da fáscia temporal profunda foi constante. O ramo frontal da artéria temporal superficial foi superior e sua trajetória paralela ao ramo temporal em 92% das dissecções. Conclusão: O ramo temporal do nervo facial segue um plano constante ao longo da face profunda da fáscia temporoparietal e está muito superficial quando cruza o arco zigomático.

Background: The temporal branch of the facial nerve is one of the nerves more commonly injured due to the scarce subcutaneous tissue that protects it from its exit at the parotid gland. Method: Twenty five cadaveric hemifaces were dissected allowing a analysis of the temporal branch and: parotid gland, zygomatic arch, SMAS, superficial temporal artery and frontal muscle. Results: Twelve temporal branches exposed at a distance 1.7cm anterior to the trago. Two temporal branches crossing the zygomatic arc was the most frequent finding. This passage occurred between 3.2 to 3.9 cm posterior to the lateral border of the orbit. The trajectory of the temporal branch near the deep side of the SMAS and temporofacial fascia and above the superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia was constant. The frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery was superior and parallel to the nerve trajectory in 92% of the dissections Conclusion: The temporal branch follow a constant plane along the under surface of the temporoparietal fascia and is quite superficial as it cross the zygomatic arch.

Mastopexia tridimensional con anclaje efectivo. Una respuesta a la ptosis, alteraciones de volumen, flacidez y recidiva en las mamoplastias / 3D Mastopexy with a dependable anchoring site. A logical response to ptosis, volume alterations, flaccidity and relapse in mammaplasties

La mastopexia es la técnica quirúrgica común que la Cirugía Plástica realiza en las mamas. En la literatura, se han expuesto múltiples y muy buenas técnicas sin terminarla búsqueda del elemento que sea consistente y que provea la mayor permanencia de resultados. De manera habitual, la atención se ha enfocado hacia la modificación anatómica del polo inferior, tratando de rellenar el polo superior de la mama de manera indirecta, con la confusión generalmente establecida de que, en la mayoría delas técnicas descritas, se considera el sostenimiento como sinónimo de suspensión. De manera descriptiva, exponemos una alternativa de suspensión que resulta tan interesante como sencilla, produciendo los resultados esperados a largo plazo y simplificando la técnica al reducir de manera importante la falta de mantenimiento del relleno del polo superior de la mama, el tiempo operatorio y facilitar la reconstrucción del molde mamario. La detección de un punto anatómico de fusión entre la fascia superficial, que es una continuación de la glándula mamaria y la propia fascia pectoral en la pared torácica, de importancia quirúrgica para el anclaje de la glándula mamaria, y el desarrollo de una técnica simple de suspensión glandular, logran cambiar los conceptos acostumbrados de nuestra práctica. La remodelación de la glándula se vuelve más sencilla y se autonomiza el manejo de la cubierta cutánea, permitiendo reducir la longitud final de las cicatrices (AU)

The elusive long term result in mastopexy, reveals the lack of an element that provides with certainty, an alternative that maintains the result surgically obtained. Although myriads of alternatives have been proposed in modern literature, most of them referred to lower poleanatomical molding as an indirect way to modify the upper pole as well, which is in fact the main target expectation for a good and sustained surgically outcome. There is a factor of confusion that has not been currently clarified; sustenance is not necessarily a synonym of suspension, being the latter our main objective that induced to present this technical proposal. The anatomical site of fusion of the superficial fascia which is in continuity with the mammary gland, and the proper pectoralis fascia, means that this structure can be used as a reinforced tissue that becomes as an anchoring site for the breastgland. An easily placement transglandular sutures stablishes the expected real suspension and the technical benefits derived from it, with the advantage of the use of non absorbable suture material that provides the occasion of change for a better good (AU)

Afrontamiento primario con elásticos vasculares en el manejo del cierre progresivo de fasciotomías / Vessel loops for primary closure of fasciotomies

Background: Compartment syndrome of the extremity may occur after severe trauma with vascular lesions secondary to fractures, crushes or gunshots. To prevent it a fasciotomy must be done. Aim To report the use vessel loop shoelace technique for the progressive closure of the fasciotomy. Material and methods: Descnptive study of 24 patients aged 26 +/- 9 years (21 males) that required fasciotomy to prevent compartment syndromes. The fasciotomy wound was closed progressively using vessel loops anchored to the skin with staples or sutures, which were tightened progressively, according to the evolution. Results: The studied patients required a total of 56 fasciotomies. In all patients a complete or near complete closure of the wound was achieved. The mean closure time was 9.5 +/- 3.3 days. Mean hospital stay was 12.3 +/- 4.3 days. Conclusions: Vessel loop shoelace technique is effective for fasciotomy wound closure.

Frente al cada vez más frecuente manejo del trauma vascular en extremidades, debido a lesiones de distinta etiología, ya sea por accidentes de tránsito de alta velocidad, caídas de altura, o las crecientes tasas de lesiones en la vida civil por arma blanca y por arma de fuego, es que nos vemos enfrentados a múltiples tipos de lesiones vasculares que comprometen arterias y venas, asociados a extenso compromiso de partes blandas o a reintervenciones en períodos posteriores a las 6 hrs post trauma. De este modo es que el manejo asociado de la fasciotomía como método de prevención o tratamiento del síndrome compartamental es fundamental. Se presentan un total de 24 casos en los que se efectuaron 56 fasciotomías primarias o secundarias como profilaxis o tratamiento del síndrome compartamental, en las que se utilizaron elásticos vasculares para el cierre progresivo del defecto cutáneo de las fasciotomías, para disminuir el tiempo de evolución y así evitar el uso de injertos de piel en el cierre de los defectos.

Desenluvamentos fechados: lesão de Morel-Lavallée: [revisão] / Closed degloving injuries: Morel-Lavallée lesion: [review]

Introdução: Os desenluvamentos fechados, também chamados de lesão de Morel-Lavallée(LML), são lesões incomuns, frequentemente associadas a traumatismos graves. Envolvem forças tangenciais capazes de separar a pele e o tecido subcutâneo da fáscia muscular subjacente. Objetivo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo a revisão de cinco casos de LML atendidosno Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica da Santa Casa de São Paulo. Método: Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os prontuários de 40 casos de desenluvamentos de tronco e membros atendidos entre 2002 e 2008, dos quais cinco correspondiam a LML e 35 casos a desenluvamentos convencionais ou abertos. Resultados: A superfície corporal desenluvada média foi de 13,2 ± 1,3 %. Os membros inferiores foram locais acometidos em todos os pacientes e, em 2 casos, houve associação com lesões no tronco inferior. Em 3 dos casos, o diagnóstico não foi realizado de maneira precoce, sendo avaliados e tratados após 2 a 17 dias de internação. Em 2 pacientes, foi realizada enxertia primária e em outros 2 casos foi realizado desbridamento inicial e enxertia de pele após granulação. Conclusões: O tratamento de pacientes vítimas de LML requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar e respeito a princípios cirúrgicos básicos, como a correta determinação das áreas viáveis e o restabelecimento da cobertura cutânea. Observa-se que as lesões são agravadas pelos erros e atrasos nas condutas iniciais, com maior morbidade associada e maiores tempos de internação e reabilitação.

Introduction: The closed degloving injuries, also called Morel-Lavallée lesion (MLL), are uncommon and often associated with severe trauma. They involve tangential forces able to separate the skin and subcutaneous tissue from the underlying muscle fascia. Objective: This article aims to describe five cases of MLL treated in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Santa Casa de São Paulo. Methods: Forty cases of trunk and limbs degloving injuries treated between 2002 and 2008 were retrospectively analyzed, being 35 cases of conventional or open deglovings and the remaining 5 of MLL. Results: The average degloved body surface was 13.2 ± 1.3%. The lower limbs were affected sites in all patients and in 2 cases were associated with lesions in the lower trunk. In 3 cases the diagnosis was not made early, being evaluated and treated after 2 to 17 days of hospitalization. In 2 patients the primary graft was used (with the skin of injured area), and in other 2 patients a initial debridement followed by skin grafting after granulation was used. Conclusions: The treatment of patients suffering from MLL requires a multidisciplinary approach and adherence to basic surgical principles, with accurately determination of the viable areas and the restoration of skin coverage. It is observed that the lesions are aggravated by mistakes and delays in the initial steps, associated with increased morbidity and longer hospitalization and rehabilitation times.

Comparative study of polypropylene and aponeurotic slings in the treatment of female urinary incontinence

PURPOSE: Female stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the involuntary leakage of urine, is a highly prevalent social and hygiene problem, and various surgical techniques have been developed to correct it. This study used the technique of an aponeurosis sling made from the rectus abdominis muscle as a standard and compared the technique to a sling made with a polypropylene mesh, (Marlex®). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2000 to 2007, 158 women who underwent surgery for SUI with an aponeurosis sling, (average age 55 years), were used as a standard for comparison with 316 women who underwent surgery with a polypropylene sling (average age 55 years). RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 3.65 and 3.56 years for the respective groups. The aponeurosis group showed a cure of SUI in 128 (81.0 percent), improvement in 23 (14.6 percent), and failure in 7 (4.4 percent). The polypropylene group showed a cure in 281 (88.9 percent), improvement in 23 (7.3 percent), and failure in 10 (3.2 percent) (p = 0.083). Urgency was observed in 19 (12 percent) of the aponeurosis group, and 28 (8.9 percent) in the polypropylene group (p = 0.320). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the polypropylene mesh is an effective alternative to construct a sling for SUI in women. The results and rates of complication were comparable to the fascial sling from the rectus abdominis muscle aponeurosis.

Miringoplastias primarias. Resultados a los 2 años de seguimiento / Primary myringoplasties. Results after a 2 year follow-up period

Introducción y objetivos: La miringoplastia tiene como finalidad el cierre de la perforación timpánica y mejorar la audición, con resultados variables en la literatura. Nuestro objetivo fue saber cuál es la realidad de esta cirugía en nuestro centro y compararla con la publicada. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 217 miringoplastias primarias efectuadas en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal entre los años 1998 y 2003, con descripción de las características de perforación, técnica quirúrgica y resultados postoperatorios (cierre de la perforación y mejoría de la audición). Resultados: En su mayoría eran adultos y la etiología principal fue la secuela otorreica (91 %). Predominaron perforaciones menores a subtotal en tamaño (64 %) que no afectaban al anillo timpánico (79 %). La técnica de colocación del injerto respecto al resto timpánico fue lateral (45 %), mixta (29 %) y medial (26 %); se utilizó el abordaje retroauricular (66 %) y endoaural (34 %). La fascia de músculo temporal fue el injerto más utilizado (87 %). El cierre de la perforación se consiguió entre un 78 y un 91 % de los casos a lo largo de los 24 meses de seguimiento, con un valor final del 78 % a los 2 años de seguimiento. La mejora de la audición, reflejada como un umbral diferencial audiométrico menor de 20dB, se observó en aproximadamente el 56 % de los casos. Conclusiones: La miringoplastia en nuestro centro alcanza cifras de éxito anatómico (78 %) y funcional (56 %) comparables con las de la literatura. Consideramos fundamental el seguimiento a medio plazo de los pacientes por el fenómeno de reperforación, que puede ocurrir hasta pasados 2 años o más (AU)

Introduction and goals: The goals of myringoplasty are closure of the perforation in the tympanic membrane and improvement in hearing levels, with varying results in the published literature. Our aim was to determine the results of this procedure at our centre and compare them with the literature. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 217 primary myringoplasties carried out in the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Ramón y Cajal University Hospital between 1998 and 2003, describing the characteristics of the perforations, surgical technique and post-operative results (perforation closure and hearing improvement). Results: The majority were adults with perforations secondary to recurrent middle ear infections (91 %). Most were less than sub-total (64 %) and did not involve the tympanic annulus (79 %). Grafts were inserted using lateral (45 %), mixed (29 %) and medial (26 %) techniques, using retroauricular (66 %) and endaural (34 %) approaches. Temporal muscle fascia was the graft most frequently used (87 %). Perforation closure was achieved in between 78 % and 91 % of cases throughout the 24-month follow-up period, with an overall closure value of 78 % after 2years of follow-up. Hearing improvement, established as an air bone gap difference of less than 20dB, was seen in proximately 56 % of cases. Conclusions: At our centre, myringoplasty achieves anatomical (78 %) and functional (56 %) success comparable to the results described in the literature. We consider medium-term follow-up to be of the utmost importance because of reperforation phenomena, which may occur as much as 2 years or more after surgery (AU)